[. . .] a pure modular structure — that is, one lacking hierarchy, such as a market — embeds flexibility in the form of a learning mechanism, but it lacks coherence, the ability to coevolve after adapting to change (cf., e.g., Langlois 1995). Indeed, the flexibility aspect of modularity is what pushes organizational coherence out of synchrony — what misaligns expectations in the Hayekian sense. Hence, when a modular organization presents coherence (and is healthy), hierarchy, we submit, is bundled to its modularity because of flexibility.